This comprehensive review briefly describes the history and pharmacology of albendazole as an anthelminthic drug and presents detailed summaries of the efficacy and safety of albendazole's use as an anthelminthic in humans. Cure rates and % egg reduction rates are presented from studies published through March 1998 both for the recommended single dose of 400mg for hookworm (separately for Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale when possible), Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Enterobius vermicularis and, in separate tables, for doses other than a single dose of 400mg. Overall cure rates are also presented separately for studies involving only children 2–15 years. Similar tables are also provided for the recommended dose of 400mg per day for 3 days in Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia spp. and Hymenolepis nana infections and separately for other dose regimens. The remarkable safety record involving more than several hundred million patient exposures over a 20 year period is also documented, both with data on adverse experiences occurring in clinical trials and with those in the published literature and/or spontaneously reported to the company. The incidence of side effects reported in the published literature is very low, with only gastrointestinal side effects occurring with an overall frequency of just >1%. Albendazole's unique broad-spectrum activity is exemplified in the overall cure rates calculated from studies employing the recommended doses for hookworm (78% in 68 studies: 92% for A. duodenale in 23 studies and 75% for N. americanus in 30 studies), A. lumbricoides (95% in 64 studies), T. trichiura (48% in 57 studies), E. vermicularis (98% in 27 studies), S. stercoralis (62% in 19 studies), H. nana (68% in 11 studies), and Taenia spp. (85% in 7 studies). The facts that albendazole is safe and easy to administer, both in treatment of individuals and in treatment of whole communities where it has been given by paramedical and nonmedical personnel, have enabled its use to improve general community health, including the improved nutrition and development of children.
Thursday, July 17, 2008
svc obstruction
This is superior vena cava obstruction.
This patient has undergone recent radiotherapy for this medical emergency condition as evidenced by fresh radiation ink marks and skin erythema over the same area.
"pink puffers"
Blue Bloater
Chronic Obstructive Pulomonary Disease (COPD) patients have both chronic bronchitis and emphysema. However, a patient will typically be classified as either suffering primarily from one or the other. Patients suffering primarily from chronic bronchitis are referred to as "blue bloaters", while patients suffering primarily from emphysema are referred to as "pink puffers".
Answer: The term "blue bloater" is derived from the bluish color of the lips and skin commonly seen in patients suffering from Type B Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
Signs and Symptoms of Blue Bloaters
A blue bloater has a history of cough with sputum for 3 months to one year or more. A blue bloater experiences cyanosis due to a decrease in sufficient amounts of oxygen reaching the blood. Ankles and legs may be swollen and distention in the neck veins may be apparent. A blue bloater primarily suffers from chronic bronchitis. Blue bloaters develop signs of right-sided heart failure.Pink Puffer
Question: What is a Pink Puffer? What is Type A COPD?
Chronic Obstructive Pulomonary Disease (COPD) patients have both chronic bronchitis and emphysema. However, a patient will typically be classified as either suffering primarily from one or the other. Patients suffering primarily from emphysema are referred to as "pink puffers", while patients suffering primarily from chronic bronchitis are referred to as "blue bloaters".
Answer: The term "pink puffer" is derived from the reddish complexion and the "puffing" (hyperventilation) seen in patients suffering from Type A Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
causes of copd
Smoking
The primary risk factor for COPD is chronic tobacco smoking. In the United States, 80 to 90% of cases of COPD are due to smoking.[9] Exposure to cigarette smoke is measured in pack-years, the average number of packages of cigarettes smoked daily multiplied by the number of years of smoking. Not all smokers will develop COPD, but continuous smokers have at least a 25% risk after 25 years.[10] The likelihood of developing COPD increases with increasing age as the cumulative smoke exposure increases. Inhaling the smoke from other peoples' cigarettes (passive smoking) can lead to impaired lung growth and could be a cause of COPD. It should be noted that, although tobacco smoking is the most common cause of COPD, the inhalation or smoking of other substances or drugs, for example cannabis, are also linked to the development of COPD.
Intense and prolonged exposure to workplace dusts found in coal mining, gold mining, and the cotton textile industry and chemicals such as cadmium, isocyanates, and fumes from welding have been implicated in the development of airflow obstruction, even in nonsmokers[11]. Workers who smoke and are exposed to these particles and gases are even more likely to develop COPD. Intense Silica dust exposure causes silicosis, a restrictive lung disease distinct from COPD however less intense silica dust exposures have been linked to a COPD-like condition[12]. The effect of occupational pollutants on the lungs appears to be substantially less important than the effect of cigarette smoking[13].
How can we show something in php?
I am sohel once again. Today I will describe to u how can we show a value with php.
There are three way to write something with php.
1. echo
2. printf();
3
Describe:
1. we can write the any value of variable & even string through "echo" in php.
e.g.,
Output: It is working.
// suppose $v=20
Output: Your amount is: 20
However , If we use single quote ' ' then output will be such:
// suppose $v=20
Output: Your amount is: $v
2. print(), printf() are generally used for formatted output.
Output: Your amount is: 20
Your amount is: 20.00
3. This method is
Such as,
output: You are a great painter
So these are the processes for showing values through php.
OK. See u later on another topic.
diabetes insipidus
Central diabetes insipidus is caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland as a result of:
- Head injury
- Infection
- Surgery
- Tumor
Nephrogenic DI involves a defect in the parts of the kidneys that reabsorb water back into the bloodstream. It occurs less often than central DI. Nephrogenic DI may occur as an inherited disorder in which male children receive the abnormal gene that causes the disease from their mothers.
Nephrogenic DI may also be caused by:
- Certain drugs (such as lithium, amphotericin B, and demeclocycline)
- High levels of calcium in the body (hypercalcemia)
- Kidney disease (such as polycystic kidney disease)
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